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The relationship between total nitrogen and total phosphorus: In simple terms, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are the main indicators reflecting the eutrophication of water bodies. In the same kind of wastewater, both total nitrogen and total phosphorus need to be treated to a relatively low concentration. Total nitrogen: the total amount of various forms of inorganic and organic nitrogen in water, including inorganic nitrogen such as NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ and organic nitrogen such as protein, amino acid and organic amine. Total phosphorus: a general term for the forms of orthophosphate, condensed sulfate, pyrophosphate, metaphosphate and organic group-bound phosphate. How to effectively deal with total nitrogen and total phosphorus? 1. If you want to deal directly with the whole process, you can directly consider process construction, but the overall process time and cost will be relatively high. 2. The use of certain biological strains can also play a certain role in the degradation of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, but the daily maintenance requirements are relatively large, and generally require long-term arrangements for technicians to operate on site. 3. To remove total nitrogen by chemical method, test the concentration of total nitrogen first. If the concentration difference is not large, it is recommended to use ammonia nitrogen remover to treat it directly. In this way, the total nitrogen will be reduced after the ammonia nitrogen is treated. (PS: The ammonia nitrogen remover is only suitable for removing ammonia nitrogen in the total nitrogen, and the ratio of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen will vary according to the water quality, so the treatment effect used is different. Please judge according to the actual situation.) 4. Chemical method to remove total phosphorus. When the concentration of total phosphorus is within an appropriate range, use phosphorus removal agent to precipitate the phosphate in the water, and then filter to reduce the concentration of total phosphorus to meet the discharge standard. (PS: The phosphorus removal agent is aimed at the inorganic phosphorus in the total phosphorus, and is ineffective against the organic phosphorus, so the effect of use is different, and it needs to be judged according to the actual situation.)

One of the calculations of PH is the commonly used H+ concentration to represent the acidity and alkalinity of the solution. When [H+] is less than 1mol L-1, for the convenience of use, the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration is commonly used, that is, -lg[H+] to represent the solution The acidity, and called pH, that is, pH = -lg [H +]. [H+]·[OH-]=Kw in the aqueous solution of any substance, Kw=1×10-14 at room temperature. [H+]=[OH-]=10-7mol L-1 in pure water, then pH= -lg[H+]=7. In other neutral solutions [H+]=[OH-]=10-7mol L-1, the pH is also 7; in acidic solutions [H+]>[OH-], the pH<7; in alkaline solutions [ H+]<[OH-], its pH>7. The negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration can also be expressed as pOH, then the pH of the solution + pOH = 14, pH=14 - pOH. The key to calculating the pH of a solution is to correctly calculate the [H+] of various solutions, the specific calculation is as follows: Example 1 Calculate the pH of 0.01mol·L-1 hydrochloric acid solution. Solution Hydrochloric acid is a strong electrolyte, and it is completely ionized in water [H+]=0.01mol·L-1pH=-lg[H+]=-lg 0.01=2 Answer The pH of the solution is 2. Example 2 Calculate the pH of c=0.1mol·L-1 acetic acid solution (degree of ionization α=1.34%). Acetic acid solution is partial ionization of weak electrolyte in water [H+]=α·C=1.34%×0.1 =1.34×10-3(mol·L-1) pH= -lg[H+]=-lg 1.34×10-3= 2.87 Answer The pH of the solution is 2.87. Example 3 Calculate the pH of c(NaOH)=0.1mol·L-1 sodium hydroxide solution. Solve NaOH as a strong electrolyte and fully ionize in water [OH-]=0.1mol L-1 pH= -lg[H+]=-lg10-13=13 Another algorithm: pH=14-pOH=14-(-lg[ OH-])=14-1=13 The pH of the sodium hydroxide solution is 13. Example 4 The pH of a certain solution is 5. Calculate the concentration of H+ and OH- in this solution. Solution pH=5=-lg[H+] [H+]=10-5（mol·L-1） Answer The concentration of H+ in this solution is 10-5mol·L-1, and the concentration of OH- is 10-9mol·L- 1 pH Calculation II 1. The pH of a simple acid-base solution is from pH= -lg[H+], only [H+] is required. (1) Monobasic strong acid: [H+]=C acid Binary strong acid: [H+]=2C acid Weak acid: [H+]=Cα, then find the pH. (2) Monobasic strong base [OH-]=C base, binary strong base: [OH-]=2C base, 2. Dilution of strong acid and strong base (1) The pH increases during the dilution process of strong acid, and the [H+] of the diluted solution can be calculated first, and then the pH. (2) When the pH decreases after dilution with a strong base, the [OH-] in the solution after dilution should be calculated first, and then [H+] to obtain the pH. (3) For extremely dilute solutions, the ionization of water should be considered. The pH of the acid solution cannot be greater than 7, and the pH of the alkaline solution cannot be less than 7. 3. Mixing of strong acid and strong alkali solutions in equal volume: If the pH difference is more than 2 units, 'pH mixed = pH small + 0.3' If the pH difference is 1 unit, 'pH mixed = pH small + 0.26' (2) Two strong bases are mixed : When mixing equal volumes: If the pH difference is more than 2 units, 'pH mixing = pH big -0.3' If the pH difference is 1 unit, 'pH mixing = pH big -0.26' (3) Strong acid and strong alkali solution mixing: If it is just right And, the solution pH=7. Then ask for [H+] to mix, and then ask for pH.

Introduction

ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) meters are commonly used in various industries due to their effectiveness in measuring the chemical properties of industrial liquids. These devices are essential in determining the level of contamination or impurities in water and other liquid mediums. In manufacturing processes, they are especially important because they help in monitoring the quality and consistency of products. Here are the top applications for industrial ORP meters in manufacturing.

Substance Treatment

One of the most significant applications of ORP meters in manufacturing is in substance treatment. In businesses that rely on water treatment, such as paper and pulp companies, the ORP meter plays an essential role in measuring the effectiveness of the treatment process. In this application, the ORP meter measures the oxidizing or reducing potential of the water, and the results help in determining the amount of chemicals needed for the treatment process. The ORP meter provides real-time data, and any changes in the readings can indicate inconsistencies in the process, which can be adjusted accordingly.

Sanitation and Cleaning

Manufacturing firms that rely on sanitation processes to prevent contamination and maintain cleanliness also use ORP meters. This application is common in the food and beverage industry, where sanitation is essential in ensuring the quality and safety of the products that reach the consumers. The ORP meter helps in measuring the effectiveness of the cleaning process, and it can also detect residual contaminants that can cause health concerns. The use of ORP meters in sanitation processes ensures that manufacturers maintain consistent cleanliness levels and adhere to regulations and global standards.

Metal Processing

In metal processing, manufacturers rely on ORP meters to detect and monitor electro-chemical reactions that occur during the processing of metals. The ORP meter helps in measuring the presence of oxidizing or reducing agents in the processing medium, and the results can indicate the progress of the reactions. In this application, the ORP meter helps manufacturers maintain a consistent and controlled environment that ensures the quality and durability of the final product.

Wastewater Control

Wastewater control is another critical application of ORP meters in manufacturing. In industries that rely on large quantities of water, such as textile, chemical, and petrochemical companies, wastewater treatment is an integral part of the manufacturing process. The ORP meter helps in detecting the presence of pollutants, chemicals, and other impurities in wastewater, and the results can indicate the effectiveness of the treatment process. This application helps manufacturers comply with regulations and avoid environmental damage caused by improper disposal of wastewater.

Pharmaceutical Industry

ORP meters are also used in the pharmaceutical industry, where consistency and accuracy are paramount in ensuring the safety of products. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, ORP meters are used to monitor the electrochemical reactions that occur during the synthesis of various chemicals. The ORP meter helps manufacturers maintain consistent and controlled conditions that ensure the quality and efficacy of the final product.

Conclusion

ORP meters are essential devices in manufacturing processes because they help in monitoring the quality and consistency of products. In this article, we have discussed the top applications of ORP meters in manufacturing, including substance treatment, sanitation and cleaning, metal processing, wastewater control, and the pharmaceutical industry. These applications show the versatility and effectiveness of ORP meters in ensuring the quality and safety of products in various industries. Manufacturers should embrace the use of ORP meters in their processes to improve consistency, comply with regulations, and ensure customer satisfaction.

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Turbidity meters, also known as turbidimeters, are sophisticated instruments that measure the clarity or haziness of a liquid sample. They are widely used in various industries, including environmental monitoring, water treatment plants, and scientific research. Turbidity, the property measured by these devices, is an essential parameter in determining the health and quality of water bodies, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of filtration processes. In this article, we delve into the science behind how turbidity meters work, uncovering the principles and technologies that enable accurate measurements.

Understanding Turbidity

Before delving into the workings of turbidity meters, let's gain a better understanding of turbidity itself. Turbidity refers to the presence of suspended particles or solids in a liquid sample, causing it to appear cloudy or opaque. These particles can be organic or inorganic substances, such as clay, silt, microorganisms, or even chemical precipitates.

Turbidity is often caused by natural processes, such as erosion, algae growth, or sedimentation. However, it can also result from human activities like industrial discharges, construction, or agricultural runoff. High turbidity levels in water can adversely affect aquatic life, impair drinking water quality, and hinder light penetration for photosynthesis in marine ecosystems.

Principles of Turbidity Measurement

Turbidity meters work based on the principle of light scattering. When a beam of light passes through a liquid sample containing suspended particles, the particles scatter the light in various directions. The degree of scattering is directly proportional to the concentration and size of the suspended particles. Turbidity meters utilize this scattering phenomenon to quantify the turbidity of a sample.

Nephelometry

One of the most commonly used techniques in turbidity measurement is nephelometry. Nephelometers employ a light source, typically a focused LED, positioned on one side of the sample, and a detector on the other side. The light emitted from the source passes through the liquid, and the detector measures the amount of light scattered at specific angles or in all directions.

The scattered light is captured by the detector, which converts it into an electrical signal proportional to the intensity of the scattered light. This signal is then processed to determine the turbidity level. Nephelometers are highly sensitive and can measure even low turbidity levels accurately.

Formazin Standards

To ensure calibration and accurate measurements, turbidity meters are calibrated using formazin standards. Formazin is a synthetic polymer suspension that closely replicates the optical properties of natural turbidity sources. It is highly stable and is used to create standardized turbidity levels for calibration purposes.

The turbidity meter is calibrated by measuring the intensity of scattered light through a known concentration of formazin suspension. This calibration process allows for the correct interpretation of the electrical signals produced by the detector, resulting in precise turbidity measurements.

The Scattering Mechanisms

Multiple scattering mechanisms contribute to the overall turbidity of a liquid sample. These mechanisms include Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering, and Fraunhofer diffraction.

Rayleigh scattering occurs when small particles in the sample are smaller than the wavelength of light used. This type of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, making shorter wavelengths more susceptible to scattering.

Mie scattering, on the other hand, involves larger particles that are comparable in size to the wavelength of light. Unlike Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering is dependent on both the particle size and the wavelength of light.

Fraunhofer diffraction occurs as larger particles produce interference patterns when encountering light. This phenomenon can impact the direction and intensity of scattered light, affecting the overall turbidity measurements.

Advances in Turbidity Measurement

Over the years, significant advancements have been made in the field of turbidity measurement. One notable innovation is the introduction of turbidity meters with multiple wavelengths of light sources. These meters use different wavelengths to assess turbidity levels, allowing for improved accuracy and compensating for the limitations of single-wavelength devices.

Additionally, some modern turbidity meters feature advanced digital signal processing algorithms and improved detector sensitivity. These enhancements enable the measurement of extremely low turbidity levels with high precision, opening doors to new applications and research possibilities.

Summary

In summary, turbidity meters are valuable tools used to assess the clarity and quality of liquid samples. By employing the principle of light scattering, these instruments provide accurate measurements of suspended particles. Through techniques like nephelometry and the use of formazin standards, turbidity meters have become highly reliable and efficient in various industries. As advancements continue to improve the capabilities of turbidity meters, we can anticipate even more accurate and sensitive measurements in the future, ultimately contributing to the preservation and conservation of our precious water resources.